解决方案：

在宿主机某个位置上创建文件： sources.list
然后修改文件，写入清华源

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse# deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

执行 docker ps查询容器名;
在这个sources.list所在位置打开命令行。执行以下命令，将宿主机的sources.list拷贝到容器中

docker cp sources.list 容器名:/etc/apt

然后进入容器里面再更新源

docker exec -it 容器名 /bin/bash
...
apt-get update

等更新完后，可以sudo apt install ***来安装所需库