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总结、Django知识点回顾

• 安装Django

pip install django

• 创建Django项目

django-admin startproject mysite

注意: Pycharm可以创建。如果用Pycharm创建，记得settings.py中的DIR templates 删除

• 创建app&注册

python manage.py startapp app01

python manage.py startapp app02>>>python manage.py startapp app03

INSTALLED APPS = [...'app01.apps.App0lConfig']

注意:否则app下的models.py写类时，无法在数据库中创建表

• 配置静态文件路径&模板的路径 (放在app目录下)

• 配置数据库相关操作(MySQL)

• 第三方模块(django3版本)

pip install mysqlclient

’

• 自己先去MySQL创建一个数据库
• 配置数据库连接settingspy

DATABASES = {'default': {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql','NAME': "gx_day1", # 数据库名字"USER":'root','PASSWORD':'12345',#密码'HOST':'127.0.0.1','POST':3306,# 那台机器安装了MySQLPORT': 3306}
}

• 在app下的models.py中编写

from django.db import modelsclass Admin(models.Model):"""管理员"""username = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名",max_length=32)password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码",max_length=64)def __str__(self):return self.username      #连接表中所显示的内容class Department(models.Model):"""部门表"""title =models.CharField(verbose_name="标题",max_length=32)def __str__(self):return self.titleclass UserInfo(models.Model):"""员工表"""name =models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名",max_length=32)password =models.CharField(verbose_name="密码",max_length=32)age =models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")account =models.DecimalField(verbose_name="余额",max_digits=10,decimal_places=2,default=0)creat_time =models.DateField(verbose_name="入职时间")
# 有约束     on_delete=models.CASCADE级联删除depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属部门",to="Department",to_field="id",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# 链接部分被删除时置空
# depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department",to_field="id",null=True,blank=True,on_delete=models.SET_NULL)
# 在django中做的约束gender_choices=((1,"男"),(2,"女"),)gender =models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别",choices=gender_choices)class PrettyNum(models.Model):"""靓号表"""mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name="电话", max_length=11)price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="单价",default=0)level_choices = ((1, "1级"),(2, "2级"),(3, "3级"),(4, "4级"),)level = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="级别", choices=level_choices,default=1)status_choices = ((1, "已占用"),(2, "未占用"),)status = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="状态", choices= status_choices,default=2)class Task(models.Model):"""任务"""level_choices=((1,"临时"),(2,"重要"),(3,"紧急"),)level = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="级别",choices=level_choices,default = 1)title = models.CharField(verbose_name="标题",max_length=64)detail = models.TextField(verbose_name="详细信息")user = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="负责人",to="Admin",on_delete=models.CASCADE)class Order(models.Model):"""订单号"""oid = models.CharField(verbose_name="订单号",max_length=64)title = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称",max_length=32)price = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="价格")status_choices={(1,"待支付"),(2,"已支付"),}status = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="状态",choices = status_choices,default=1)admin = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="管理员",to="Admin",on_delete=models.CASCADE)class City(models.Model):name = models.CharField(verbose_name="名称",max_length=32)count = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="人口")img = models.FileField(verbose_name="Logo",max_length=32,upload_to="city/")

• 执行两个命令

python manage.py makemigrations

python manage.py migrate

• 在urls.py，路由 (URL和函数的对应关系)

• 在views.py，视图函数，编写业务逻辑。

• templates目录，编写HTML模板 (含有模板语法、继承、{% static ‘xx’ %})

• ORM操作

models.User.objects .filter(id="xxx")
models.User.objects .filter(id="xxx").order_by("-id")- **ModelForm & Form组件，在我们开发增删改查功能**- 生成HTML标签(生成默认值)- 请求数据进行校验- 保存到数据库 (ModelForm)- 获取错误信息- Cookie和Session，用户登录信息保存起来

• Bootstrap样式（封装使用）

from django import formsclass BootStrap:bootstrap_exclude_fields = []def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)# 循环找到所有的插件，添加了"class":"form-control"得样式for name, field in self.fields.items():if name in self.bootstrap_exclude_fields:continue# 字段中有属性，保留原来的属性，没有属性，才增加if field.widget.attrs:# 有则添加字典值field.widget.attrs["class"] = "form-control"field.widget.attrs["placeholder"] = field.labelelse:field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control","placeholder": field.label}class BootstrapModelForm(BootStrap,forms.ModelForm):pass
class BootstrapForm(BootStrap,forms.Form):pass

• 分页组件（封装使用）

"""
自定义分页组件  如果以后想要使用这个分页组件，你需要做如下几件事：在视图函数views.py函数中：
def pretty_list(request):#1.根据所需筛选数据queryset = models.PrettyNum.objects.all()
#2.实例化分页对象page_object = Pagination(request,queryset,page_size=2)context ={"queryset": page_object.page_queryset, #分完页的数据"page_string": page_object.html() #生成页码}return render(request, 'pretty_list.html',context)在html页面中<ul class="pagination">{{ page_string }}</ul>"""
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
class Pagination(object):def __init__(self,request,queryset,page_size=10,page_param="page",plus=5):""":param request: 请求对象:param queryset: 符合条件的数据:param page_size: 每页显示多少条数据:param page_param: 在URL中传递的获取分页的参数 例如/pretty/list/?page=4:param plus:显示当前页的前或后几页（页码）"""import copyquery_dict = copy.deepcopy(request.GET)query_dict._mutable = Trueself.query_dict = query_dictpage = request.GET.get(page_param, "1")if page.isdecimal():page=int(page)else:page=1self.page =pageself.page_size=page_sizeself.page_param=page_paramself.start = (page - 1) * page_sizeself.end = page * page_sizeself.page_queryset = queryset[self.start:self.end]total_count = queryset.count()total_page_count, div = divmod(total_count, page_size)if div:total_page_count += 1self.total_page_count =total_page_countself.plus=plusdef html(self):# 计算出显示当前页的的前五页后五页# 数据较少，显示全部页码if self.total_page_count <= 2 * self.plus + 1:start_page = 1end_page = self.total_page_countelse:# 数据较多# 当前页<5if self.page <= self.plus:start_page = 1end_page = 2 * self.plus + 1else:# 当前页>5# 当前页+5>总页面if (self.page + self.plus) > self.total_page_count:start_page = self.total_page_count - 2 * self.plusend_page = self.total_page_countelse:start_page = self.page - self.plusend_page = self.page + self.plus# 页码page_str_list = []self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[1])first = '<li><a  href="?{}">首页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(first)# 上一页if self.page > 1:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page-1])prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())else:prev = '<li><a  href="?{}">《</a></li>'.format(1)page_str_list.append(prev)for i in range(start_page, end_page + 1):self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[i])if i == self.page:ele = '<li class="active"><a  href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)else:ele = '<li><a href="?{}">{}</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode(), i)page_str_list.append(ele)if self.page >= self.total_page_count:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.page+1])next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())else:self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])next = '<li><a  href="?{}">》</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(next)# 尾页self.query_dict.setlist(self.page_param,[self.total_page_count])end = '<li><a  href="?{}">尾页</a></li>'.format(self.query_dict.urlencode())page_str_list.append(end)search_string = """             <li ><form method="get" style="float: left"><input  type="text" class="form-control" name="page" placeholder="页码" style="width: 80px;position: relative;float: left;display: inline-block;border-radius: 0"><button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">跳转</button></form></li>"""page_str_list.append(search_string)page_string = mark_safe("".join(page_str_list))return page_string

• 中间件（封装使用）
• • 中间件，基于中间件实现用户认证，基于:process request。

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import redirectclass AuthMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):"""中间件"""def process_request(selfself,request):#0.排除那些不需要登录就能访问的页面#request.path_info 获取当前用户请求的url  /login/if request.path_info in["/login/","/image/code/"]:return#1.读取当前访问的用户的session信息，如果能读到，说明已经登录过，可以继续向后走info_dict = request.session.get("info")print(info_dict)if info_dict:return#2.没有登录过,重新回到登录页面return redirect("/login/")

• 验证码（封装使用）

# pillow创建图片
# from PIL import Image,ImageDraw,ImageFont
#
# img = Image.new(mode='RGB',size=(120,30),color=(255,255,255))
# draw =ImageDraw.Draw(img,mode='RGB')
#
# font =ImageFont.truetype("Rainbow-Party-2.ttf",18)
# draw.text([0, 0],'python','red',font=font)
#
# with open('code.png','wb') as f:
#     img.save(f,format='png')import random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilterdef check_code(width=120, height=30, char_length=5, font_file='D:\pythonproject\Django_project\mysite2\Rainbow-Party-2.ttf', font_size=20):code = []img = Image.new(mode='RGB', size=(width, height), color=(255, 255, 255))draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, mode='RGB')def rndChar():"""生成随机字母"""# return chr(random.randint(65, 90))return str(random.randint(0,9))def rndColor():return (random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(10, 255), random.randint(64, 255))#     写文字font = ImageFont.truetype(font_file, font_size)for i in range(char_length):char = rndChar()code.append(char)h = random.randint(0, 4)draw.text([i * width / char_length, h], char, font=font, fill=rndColor())#   写干扰点for i in range(40):x = random.randint(0, width)y = random.randint(0, height)draw.point((x, y), fill=rndColor())#   写干扰圆圈for i in range(40):draw.point([random.randint(0, width), random.randint(0, height)], fill=rndColor())x = random.randint(0, width)y = random.randint(0, height)draw.arc((x, y, x + 4, y + 4), 0, 90, fill=rndColor())#   写干扰线for i in range(5):x1 = random.randint(0, width)y1 = random.randint(0, height)x2 = random.randint(0, width)y2 = random.randint(0, height)draw.line((x1, x2, y1, y2), fill=rndColor())img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE)return img, ''.join(code)

• Ajax请求（可跳转到【web开发】9、Django（4）ajax请求处学习）

{% block js %}<script type="text/javascript">var DELETE_IDvar EDIT_ID$(function () {bindBtnAddEvent();bindBtnSaveEvent();bindBtnDeleteEvent();bindBtnConfirmDeleteEvent();bindBtnEditEvent();})function bindBtnAddEvent() {$('#btnAdd').click(function () {{#将正在编辑的ID设置为空#}EDIT_ID = undefined;{#清空对话框中的数据#}$("#formSave")[0].reset();$("#myModalLabel").text("新建")$('#myModal').modal('show')});}function bindBtnSaveEvent() {$("#btnSave").click(function () {{#清除错误信息#}$(".error-msg").empty();if (EDIT_ID) {//编辑doEdit();} else {//添加doAdd();}function doEdit() {$.ajax({url: '/order/edit/' + "?uid=" + EDIT_ID,type: "post",data: $("#formSave").serialize(),dataType: "JSON",success: function (res) {if (res.status) {alert("添加成功");{##清空表单#}$("#formSave")[0].reset();{#关闭对话框#}$('#myModal').modal('hide'){#添加自动刷新#}location.reload();} else {if (res.tips) {alert(res.tips);} else {$.each(res.error, function (name, errorlist) {{#console.log(name, errorlist)#}$("#id_" + name).next().text(errorlist[0]);})}}}})}function doAdd() {$.ajax({url: '/order/add/',type: "post",data: $("#formSave").serialize(),dataType: "JSON",success: function (res) {if (res.status) {alert("添加成功");{##清空表单#}$("#formSave")[0].reset();{#关闭对话框#}$('#myModal').modal('hide'){#添加自动刷新#}location.reload();} else {{#console.log(res.error);#}$.each(res.error, function (name, errorlist) {{#console.log(name, errorlist)#}$("#id_" + name).next().text(errorlist[0]);})}}})}{#向后台发送请求（添加ajax请求#}})}function bindBtnDeleteEvent() {$(".btn-delete").click(function () {{#alert("点击了删除");#}$("#deleteModal").modal('show');{#  获取当前行的ID并赋值给全局变量  #}DELETE_ID = $(this).attr("uid");})}function bindBtnConfirmDeleteEvent() {$("#btnConfirmDelete").click(function () {{#    确认删除按钮，将确定删除的id发送给后台#}$.ajax({url: "/order/delete/",type: "GET",data: {uid: DELETE_ID},dataType: "JSON",success: function (res) {if (res.status) {{#alert("删除成功");#}{#$('#deleteModal').modal('hide');#}{#location.reload();#}{#    在页面上将当前一行数据删除#}{#$("tr[uid='"+DELETE_ID +"']").remove();#}{#    要删除的id置为空#}{#DELETE_ID = 0;#}location.reload();} else {alert(res.error);}}})})}function bindBtnEditEvent() {$(".btn-edit").click(function () {var uid = $(this).attr("uid");EDIT_ID = uid{#设置对话框标题#}$("#myModalLabel").text("编辑"){#alert("点击了编辑");#}{#  发送ajax去后端获取当前行的相关数据#}$.ajax({url: "/order/detail/",type: "get",data: {uid: uid},dataType: "JSON",success: function (res) {if (res.status) {$.each(res.data, function (name, value) {$("#id_" + name).val(value);})$("#myModal").modal('show');} else {alert(res.error)}}}){#  在对话框中默认看到#}})}</script>

• 数据统计（可跳转到【web开发】10、数据统计(echarts)–柱状图、折线图、饼图 处学习）

• 文件上传（可跳转到【web开发】11、文件的上传 处学习）